System and method for pharmaceutical management and tracking

ABSTRACT

A product inventory management system including a cabinet configured to contain an inventory of product units having RFID tags and further configured to monitor the inventory by wirelessly detecting the RFID tags, and a server system configured to communicate over a network with the cabinet, the server system capable of managing the inventory of the cabinet. There is also a method for product inventory management, including receiving, in a server system and via a network, inventory data from a cabinet, the inventory data corresponding to an inventory of product units stored in the cabinet, and generating an order to have additional product units added to the cabinet according to the cabinet inventory.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 13/647,737 filed Oct. 9, 2012 and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT AND TRACKING,” which is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 11/607,832 filed Dec. 1, 2006 and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT AND TRACKING,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,607. This application also claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/741,631 filed Dec. 2, 2005 and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT AND TRACKING.” The contents of each of these are hereby incorporated by reference into this application as if fully set forth herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure is directed, in general, to inventory management and tracking systems, and in particular to pharmaceutical management and tracking.

BACKGROUND

Product tracking is of importance to any manufacturing, distribution, or sales enterprise. It can be particularly important in the pharmaceutical area, where many products must be carefully identified and tracked from manufacture until administered to a patient. Typical known means of tracking pharmaceuticals involve manual record keeping and identifying products according to written labels. Inventory management and distribution also typically rely on a manual process of taking a physical inventory of product and manually ordering refills or restocking, while also eliminating product that is nearing or passed its expiry.

Another significant issue with pharmaceuticals is the very high cost of maintaining an inventory of expensive drugs. Some drugs can cost several thousand dollars per dose, and be relatively rarely needed, but these same drugs, when needed, are needed immediately. Pre-purchasing and stocking such drugs is a great expense for pharmacies and hospitals. Further, because of the high cost of these drugs, managing and tracking each product becomes essential.

There is, therefore, a need in the art for improved systems, methods, and apparatuses for inventory management and tracking systems, and in particular for pharmaceutical management and tracking.

SUMMARY

One disclosed embodiment includes a product inventory management system including a cabinet configured to contain an inventory of product units having RFID tags, a reader configured to monitor the inventory by wirelessly detecting the RFID tags, and a server configured to communicate over a network with the cabinet, the server capable of managing the inventory of the cabinet and of maintaining a product inventory list and a consumed product list according to the detected RFID tags.

Another disclosed embodiment includes a method for product inventory management, including receiving, in a server and via a network, data comprising each RFID tag associated with a product unit from a cabinet, the data corresponding to product units stored in the cabinet, creating a current inventory list comprising identifiers corresponding to the plurality of RFID tags, and generating an order to have additional product units added to the cabinet according to the cabinet inventory.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present disclosure so that those skilled in the art may better understand the detailed description that follows. Additional features and advantages of the subject matter of the disclosure will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that they may readily use the conception and the specific embodiment disclosed as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art will also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the disclosure in its broadest form.

Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION below, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words or phrases used throughout this patent document: the terms “include” and “comprise,” as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation; the term “or” is inclusive, meaning and/or; the phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like; and the term “controller” means any device, system or part thereof that controls at least one operation, whether such a device is implemented in hardware, firmware, software or some combination of at least two of the same. It should be noted that the functionality associated with any particular controller may be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. Definitions for certain words and phrases are provided throughout this patent document, and those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that such definitions apply in many, if not most, instances to prior as well as future uses of such defined words and phrases.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers designate like objects, and in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a simplified block diagram of a cabinet in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates a product unit as can be used in various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 depicts a simplified diagram of an inventory management system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of a first process in accordance with a disclosed embodiment; and

FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of a second process in accordance with a disclosed embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1 through 5, discussed below, and the various embodiments used to describe the principles disclosed in this patent document are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will understand that the principles may be implemented in any suitably arranged device. The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred embodiment.

Various embodiments include a system and method for managing pharmaceutical inventories, and in particular to managing consigned pharmaceuticals in third-party facilities, such as hospital pharmacies. Various embodiments can use a product-management cabinet capable of tracking product inventory, and corresponding products. Before describing overall processes, it will be helpful to discuss various aspects of cabinets and products that can be used in implementing the processes.

One aspect of the disclosed embodiments concerns an innovative pharmaceutical cabinet used to store pharmaceutical inventory. FIG. 1 depicts a simplified block diagram of a cabinet that can be used to implement the processes described herein.

The cabinet 100, in a preferred embodiment, includes a refrigerated chassis 110, but can be held at any required temperature, including cooled, frozen, ambient temperature, or even heated, using conventional means. For refrigerated or ambient-temperature use, a conventional refrigerator unit can be modified as described herein to function as the cabinet. For ambient-temperature use, a non-refrigerated cabinet can be used, or the refrigeration unit can be turned off or disconnected. In some embodiments, the cabinet includes a door that is substantially (or at least partially) transparent, or including a window, so that the product unit inventory can be easily viewed without opening the cabinet. The chassis 110 is configured to contain an inventory of product units having RFID tags.

The cabinet 100 also includes a reader 120 to wirelessly and automatically detect and identify the contents of the cabinet. Preferably, this is a radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader, known to those of skill in the art. The cabinet 100 includes one or more RFID antennas 130 connected to RFID reader 120 to scan the contents of the cabinet.

Preferably, the cabinet 100 also includes one or more optional sensor devices 140, such as a thermometer, a door-open sensor; a power-failure sensor and optional backup power supply; a GPS locating device; and other devices, and one or more sensor devices 140 may communicate sensor data to the data processing system described below. In some embodiments, cabinet 100 also has an attached RFID tag.

The cabinet also includes a data processing system 150 capable of communicating with and controlling the RFID reader 120. The cabinet data processing system 150 also includes communications software for communicating as described more fully below. The cabinet data processing system 150 is also preferably connected to communicate with and control the optional sensor devices 140 described above.

Cabinet data processing system 150 can be implemented using any appropriate technology and components, capable of operating as described herein, as known to those of skill in the art. The cabinet data processing system 150 generally includes at least a processor or controller and an accessible memory for storing data as described herein. The data processing system 150 is connected to communicate with the reader 120 and to maintain a product inventory list and a consumed product list according to the detected RFID tags as described herein.

Cabinet data processing system 150 is also connected to communicate with other devices using network interface 160, which can be implemented using wired communications such as Ethernet or a telephone modem, or wireless communications such as GSM or IEEE 802.11, or a cable modem system, or otherwise, or a combination of these. Preferably, network interface 160 communicates using Internet Protocol. Network interface 160 allows the cabinet data processing system 150 to communicate with a server system such as the inventory management system, described below, and optionally with other cabinets 100 using mesh networking, direct cabling, or other technologies known to those of skill in the art. Communications between cabinet data processing system 150 and the inventory management system can be implemented using any suitable data communications technology, or a combination of them. In embodiments where multiple cabinets 100 communicate with each other, these can be configured to communicate with the inventory management system as a single unit with a combined inventory.

In use, the cabinet data processing system 150 will make periodic inventory scans, using the RFID reader 120, to uniquely identify each product unit 200 (as shown in FIG. 2) stored in the cabinet. If a new identifier is found during any scan, the cabinet data processing system 150 notes the identifier and stores it to a current inventory list for that cabinet. Similarly, if a specific identifier is no longer detected during a periodic scan, because the product has been removed or the RFID tag has been destroyed, the cabinet data processing system 150 notes the missing identifier and removes it from the current inventory list for the cabinet. The identifiers of such removed products are also stored in a “consumed product” list in the cabinet data processing system.

The product inventory list comprises identifiers corresponding to detected RFID tags. The consumed product list comprises identifiers corresponding to RFID tags previously on the product inventory list that are not detected by the reader either immediately or after a predetermined amount of time.

In this way, the cabinet is configured to monitor the inventory by wirelessly detecting the RFID tags. The cabinet performs a periodic wireless scan to determine the current product units in the inventory, and can determine that a product unit has been removed from the inventory when the RFID tag corresponding to the product unit is not detected for a predetermined amount of time.

Of course, the references herein to the inventory list and consumed product list are not intended to specify a data structure for this information, as this information can be stored in any number of forms within the scope of the disclosed embodiments. “Lists” is simply used for convenient reference.

In alternate embodiments, cabinet 100 can also include a locking mechanism, or one or more individual locking compartments, to control access to the product. These locks can be any known technology, including keylocks, digital keypad locks, biometric locks, etc. Preferably, any locking device can also be opened remotely if the cabinet data processing system 150 receives such a command from the inventory management system.

Cabinet 100 can also include marketing or informational displays, either as a fixed display, or as a customizable electronic display. Similarly, cabinet 100 can include a display connected to cabinet data processing system 150 that is capable of displaying status or informational messages related to the status of the cabinet or the product inventory.

Preferably, cabinet 100 includes a power-failure detection device and a backup power supply. When a power failure is detected, cabinet 100 can sound an audible alarm, and can communicate with the inventory management system to notify it of a problem.

Product: In a preferred embodiment, the product consists of packaged pharmaceuticals, but of course the systems and methods described herein can be applied to other products. FIG. 2 shows a simple illustration of a product unit 200 as can be used in various embodiments of the present disclosure. An important feature of the products, in a preferred embodiment, is that each product unit 200 includes an RFID tag 230 affixed to the product or its packaging, where the RFID tag 230 includes identifying information capable of being read by the RFID reader.

In a typical implementation, an individual product unit 200 includes the product 210 itself in an appropriate packaging 220, such as a box. The packaging includes the RFID tag 230, which seals the package. The RFID tag has at least a unique identifier, such as a serial number, that can be read by the RFID reader. Preferably, to open the package 220 to use the product 210, the RFID tag 230 is destroyed, at which point it can no longer be read by the RFID reader.

For ease of reference, the term “serial number” will be used herein to refer to the unique identifier, although those of skill in the art will recognize that any other style of unique identifier can be used.

As will be understood by those of skill in the art, the product unit 200 represents a generic product. There can be one or more actual products 210 identified as a product unit 200, and preferably packaged together. For example, in the pharmaceutical context, a single dose, pill, or pre-filled syringe can be a single product 210, but multiple ones of these can be packaged together as a single product unit 200, depending on the requirements for using, dispensing, or billing for the product 210.

Inventory management system: An inventory management system 300 is used to control the inventory in multiple cabinets 100. FIG. 3 depicts a simplified diagram of an inventory management system 300, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, including server system 310, warehouse system 320, management system 330, and multiple cabinets 100, all communicating via network 340. Network 340 can be implemented using any known networking technology, as a public or private network or as direct communications, and is preferably implemented using the Internet to communicate between each system. Network 340 can be implemented using multiple technologies, and can be implemented using multiple separate networks.

Server system 310, warehouse system 320, management system 330, while depicted as single, individual systems in this simplified figure, can each be implemented using one or more data processing systems, which can be commonly located but are not necessarily so. For example, as known to those of skill in the art, different functions of server system 310 may be more efficiently performed using separate data processing systems, each performing specific tasks but connected to communicate with each other in such a way as to together perform the functions described herein for the server system 310 as a whole. Similarly, one or more of server system 310, warehouse system 320, and management system 330 could be implemented as an integrated system as opposed to distinct and separate systems.

Server system 310 performs overall inventory management functions for multiple cabinets 100, as described in more detail below with regard to the overall process. In general, server system 310 communicates with cabinets 100 to monitor the inventory of each cabinet 100 on a regular basis. Server system 310 can also monitor other status information of each cabinet 100 according to sensor devices 140. Server system 310 includes a database of the current inventory of each cabinet 100, the product inventory assigned to each cabinet 100, and other information regarding the cabinets 100.

Server system 310 also tracks all product units 200 from time of purchase and receiving into a warehouse, to shipment placement in a cabinet 100, to storage in cabinet 100, to removal from cabinet 100. Server system 310 will periodically receive communications from each cabinet 100 including the current inventory list, the consumed product list, and other information. These communications can be initiated by server system 310, by polling each of the cabinets 100, or can be initiated by the cabinets 100.

Server system 310 preferably includes a web server interface to allow management using a standard web browser interface. Preferably, at least some data sent and received by server system 310 is in XML format. Server system 310 maintains at least one database for product inventory data; in a preferred embodiment, this database is an SQL database.

Server system 310 can also generate billing and invoice data according to the reports from cabinets 100 of product units 200 that are delivered (added to the current inventory list) or consumed (added to the consumed inventory list).

In various embodiments, the server system 310 is capable of creating an order to have additional product units added to the cabinet according to the cabinet inventory. In some cases, the product units in the cabinet inventory are consignment product units, and the server system 310 creates an invoice when the product units are removed from the inventory. The server system 310 is further capable, in some embodiments, of receiving cabinet status data from the cabinet, and sending cabinet control instructions to the cabinet. The server system 310 is further capable, in some embodiments, of analyzing product consumption data according to inventory data received from the cabinet, as described below.

Warehouse system 320 is connected to communicate with server system 310. Warehouse system 320 is configured to receive inventory management orders from server system 310, to have inventory shipped or delivered for placement in a cabinet 100. Warehouse system 320 is also preferably capable of reading the RFID tags of the product units 200 to identify exactly which product units are being shipped to a given destination. In alternate embodiments, warehouse system 320 is also configured to produce RFID tags for labeling product units 200.

Management system 330 is preferably a data processing system configured to connect with server system 310 to allow a user to manage the functions of server system 310 and the processes it controls. Management system 330 can preferably be implemented using a common data processing system including a standard Internet browser, connected to allow the user to connect to a web server interface on server system 310.

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of a first process in accordance with a disclosed embodiment. Various embodiments include an inventory management process that provides monitoring, tracking, and billing functions for product units 200 in cabinets 100. In this way, each cabinet 100 can function as a “virtual warehouse” of product units 200 located at each product location, such as hospital pharmacies. This process is particularly useful when the product is not sold when shipped for placement in a cabinet, but rather is held on consignment in the cabinet, and considered sold when removed from the cabinet or the product packaging.

In particular, the embodiments described herein can be used for high-dollar injectable pharmaceuticals, which a pharmacy may desire to have readily available but may not be willing or able to pre-purchase. In this case, the consignment product in the “virtual warehouse” cabinet functions to answer a significant and immediate need in the industry.

According to one process, product units 200 are first designated to be transferred from a warehouse to a cabinet 100 (step 405). Of course, this process is performed for any number of cabinets 100, but for simplicity of description, the process will be described with reference to only one cabinet 100.

The warehouse system 320 will record the serial numbers of each product unit shipped to the cabinet 100, along with an identifier of cabinet 100 (step 410), which may be the RFID tag serial number of the cabinet 100, if it were so tagged. Warehouse system 320 can preferably record each of these serial numbers by performing an RFID scan of all product units being shipped to the cabinet 100.

When the product units are shipped (step 415), warehouse system 320 will notify server system 310 that the product units 200 have shipped, the destination cabinet 100 of the product units 200, and the serial numbers of the RFID tags of each of the shipped product units 200 (step 420), and any other inventory management data.

Server system 310, in turn, periodically communicates with cabinet 100. At some point after shipment, the shipped product units 200 will be delivered to and placed within cabinet 100 at a customer site. Cabinet 100 will detect the serial numbers of the RFID tags of each of the product units, and add those to the current inventory list (step 425). Cabinet 100 will communicate the current inventory list to server system 310, which will update a status record for each corresponding serial number (step 430).

In implementations where there is a direct sale of the product, server system 310 can generate a billing invoice for the customer either when the product units 200 are shipped or when they are detected within cabinet 100, depending on the terms of the customer contract, or at another appropriate time (step 440, see also below).

When the cabinet 100 no longer detects a given RFID serial number of a product unit 200, that serial number is added to the consumed product list and eventually reported to server system 310, as described above (step 435). Typically, this will be when the product unit 100 is opened and the product is consumed, but it can also happen when the RFID tag is destroyed when the packaging is opened, or if the product is otherwise removed, stolen, destroyed, etc.

In a preferred embodiment, a particular product unit is not moved to the consumed product list immediately when it is not detected, but only when it has not been detected for a significant period, such as 24, 48, or 72 hours. This is to accommodate the event that the product unit 200 is removed from cabinet 100 in anticipation of use, but is not actually consumed, and so is returned to the cabinet 100 and is thereafter detected by cabinet 100.

In an implementation where the product is in the cabinet on consignment, server system 310 can generate a billing invoice for the customer when the product units 200 are placed on the consumed product list (step 440).

Server system 310 continues to monitor the inventory of cabinet 100 on a periodic basis. As products are consumed, server system 310 updates its inventory and performs any necessary billing procedures (step 445).

When server system 310 determines that the number of product units 200 in cabinet 100 for a given product has fallen below a predetermined threshold, server system 310 will preferably send a purchase order (for direct sales) or transfer purchase order (for consignment sales) to warehouse system 320 (step 450). Warehouse system 320 will process a new delivery of the required product to the cabinet (e.g., returning to step 405). That is, when the server system determines that a cabinet is running low on a specific product, will preferably automatically generate an order for the warehouse system to replenish the supply.

Also, in preferred embodiments and particularly in pharmaceutical implementations, the server system 310 will maintain pedigree and expiry information for each product unit 200, associated with the product unit serial number. In the event of a product recall or product that is nearing its expiration in a cabinet, the server system 310 can produce an order for the product to be removed or replaced in the cabinet (step 455), and adjust its inventory and billing records when the replacement is reported by the cabinet.

In alternate embodiments, the temperature and other parameters of the cabinet 100 can be directly modified by cabinet data processing system 150. Further, server system 310 can send appropriate commands to cabinet data processing system 150 to change the cabinet parameters. In this way, for example, server system 310 can determine the optimal cabinet parameters according to the current cabinet inventory, and thereafter modify the parameters accordingly (step 460).

Server system 310 can also track product units 200 indicated as shipped by warehouse system 320 but that are not timely detected by the destination cabinet 100. When this occurs, server system 310 can send an appropriate notice to an operator, the customer, or other appropriate person or system. By reference to the status information of the carrier contracted to deliver the product units, server system 310 can also determine whether the product was delivered to the customer location but never placed by the customer in the cabinet 100. According to the provisions of a customer contract, server system 310 can optionally automatically bill the customer for such product units that are never placed in the destination cabinet.

According to other embodiments, server system 310 can also communicate with physicians and other individuals using electronic mail, text messaging to mobile telephones or PDAs, paging, or in other ways known to those of skill in the art (step 465). These communications can be real-time, such as text messaging or paging, or can be delayed. In particular embodiments, these messages can be used to provide updates of product inventory to individuals regarding the particular cabinets in their facility, to advise of new stock or to warn of low product inventory. These messages can be combined with advertisement or promotional material, for example to promote the use and benefits of particular products stocked or available to be stocked in the cabinet.

In other embodiments, product inventory data can be analyzed and/or aggregated by server system 310 (step 470) in order to determine and predict product usage trends. For example, in the pharmaceutical context, server system 310 can determine the general rate at which any particular product is used in a particular cabinet, and thereby determine an optimum inventory level for that product to meet ongoing and emergent needs. Further, server system 310 can use aggregate data to determine how much product should be ordered and stocked in warehouses, and to determine what drugs are most often used and in what contexts, among other information.

FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of a second process in accordance with a disclosed embodiment. In this process, each cabinet 100 can again function as a “virtual warehouse” of product units 200 located at each product location, such as hospital pharmacies. This process is particularly useful when the product is not sold when shipped for placement in a cabinet, but rather is held on consignment in the cabinet.

In particular, the embodiments described can be used for high-dollar injectable pharmaceuticals, which a pharmacy may desire to have readily available but may not be willing or able to pre-purchase. In this case, the consignment product in the “virtual warehouse” cabinet functions to answer a significant and immediate need in the industry.

In a disclosed process, at some point product units 200 are delivered to and placed within cabinet 100 at a customer site (step 505). Cabinet 100 wirelessly scans its contents to detect the serial numbers of the RFID tags of each of the product units (step 510), and add those to the current inventory list (step 515). Cabinet 100 will communicate the current inventory list to server system 310 (step 520). Cabinet 100 will also communicate the consumed inventory list to server system 310 (step 525). Server system 310 will update a status record for each corresponding serial number (step 530).

Cabinet 100 continues to periodically wirelessly scan its contents as in step 505 above. When the cabinet 100 no longer detects a given RFID serial number of a product unit 200, that serial number is added to the consumed product list (step 535), and can be removed from the current inventory list. The consumed list and updated current inventory list are eventually reported to server system 310, as described above (step 540). Typically, this will be when the product unit 100 is opened and the product is consumed, but it can also happen when the RFID tag is destroyed when the packaging is opened, or if the product is otherwise removed, stolen, destroyed, etc.

In some embodiments, a particular product unit is not moved to the consumed product list immediately when it is not detected, but only when it has not been detected for a significant period, such as 24, 48, or 72 hours. This is to accommodate the event that the product unit 200 is removed from cabinet 100 in anticipation of use, but is not actually consumed, and so is returned to the cabinet 100 and is thereafter detected by cabinet 100.

In some embodiments, the temperature and other parameters of the cabinet 100 can be directly modified by cabinet data processing system 150. Further, server system 310 can send appropriate commands to cabinet data processing system 150 to change the cabinet parameters. In this way, for example, server system 310 can determine the optimal cabinet parameters according to the current cabinet inventory, and thereafter modify the parameters accordingly. Cabinet 100 sends cabinet status data to server system 310 (step 545) indicating the current status of the cabinet and inventory, such as that determined by any sensor devices 140. Cabinet 100 receives cabinet control instructions from server 310 (step 550), and adjusts the cabinet parameters accordingly (step 555).

In various embodiments, a cabinet's current inventory list is reconstructed each time the cabinet scans its contents. The consumed inventory list is not routinely cleared by the cabinet until its contents have been sent to the server system. In some embodiments, the cabinet will receive an instruction from the server to clear the consumed inventory list, and will do so (step 560).

The systems and techniques described herein, while particularly described in a pharmaceutical context, are of course not limited to pharmaceuticals. Those of skill in the art will recognize that these techniques can be applied to any number of other products, with particular utility in managing inventory of consumable products such as drugs, foods, drinks, liquors, etc.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that, for simplicity and clarity, the full structure and operation of all systems suitable for use with the present disclosure is not being depicted or described herein. Instead, only so much of a data processing system as is unique to the present disclosure or necessary for an understanding of the present disclosure is depicted and described. The remainder of the construction and operation of these systems may conform to any of the various current implementations and practices known in the art.

It is important to note that while the present disclosure has been described in the context of a fully functional system, those skilled in the art will appreciate that at least portions of the mechanism of the present disclosure are capable of being distributed in the form of a instructions contained within a machine usable medium in any of a variety of forms, and that the present disclosure applies equally regardless of the particular type of instruction or signal bearing medium utilized to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of machine usable mediums include: nonvolatile, hard-coded type mediums such as read only memories (ROMs) or erasable, electrically programmable read only memories (EEPROMs), user-recordable type mediums such as floppy disks, hard disk drives and compact disk read only memories (CD-ROMs) or digital versatile disks (DVDs), and transmission type mediums such as digital and analog communication links.

Although an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure has been described in detail, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes, substitutions, variations, and improvements of the subject matter disclosed herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure in its broadest form.

None of the description in the present application should be read as implying that any particular element, step, or function is an essential element which must be included in the claim scope: THE SCOPE OF PATENTED SUBJECT MATTER IS DEFINED ONLY BY THE ALLOWED CLAIMS. Moreover, none of these claims are intended to invoke paragraph six of 35 USC §112 unless the exact words “means for” are followed by a participle. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a cabinet configured to contain a plurality of pharmaceutical product units, each of the pharmaceutical product units having a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag identifying the respective pharmaceutical product unit, the cabinet comprising a reader configured to detect each of the pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet by detecting the associated RFID tag; and at least one server configured to: communicate over a network with the cabinet to receive information regarding the RFID tags detected by the cabinet, based on the received RFID tag information, determine whether a first of the pharmaceutical product units in the cabinet has been removed from the cabinet and whether the first pharmaceutical product unit has been returned to the cabinet, and in response to determining that the first pharmaceutical product unit has been removed from the cabinet and then has not been returned to the cabinet prior to an expiration of a predetermined period of time, generate data for billing a customer for the first pharmaceutical product unit.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the predetermined period of time is 24 hours.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the cabinet is configured to periodically read the RFID tags within the cabinet and transmit the RFID tag information to the at least one server, and wherein the RFID tag information comprises first RFID tag information corresponding to RFID tags detected by the cabinet at a first time and second RFID tag information corresponding to RFID tags detected by the cabinet at a second time.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one server is configured to monitor status information associated with the cabinet based upon a door-open sensor, and wherein the status information includes the RFID tag information.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one server is configured to not generate the data for billing the customer if the first pharmaceutical product unit is returned to the cabinet prior to the expiration of the predetermined period of time.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one server is configured to determine when the first pharmaceutical product unit has been removed from the cabinet based on a failure of the cabinet to detect a first of the RFID tags corresponding to the first pharmaceutical product unit.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical product units comprise pharmaceutical product units delivered to the customer on consignment.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein each of at least one of the pharmaceutical product units comprises a pharmaceutical product unit that when opened renders a corresponding RFID tag unreadable by the cabinet.
 9. A system comprising: a cabinet located within a customer facility for a customer, the cabinet configured to contain one or more pharmaceutical product units available for use by the customer, each of the one or more pharmaceutical product units having a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with an RFID tag identifier identifying a respective one of the one or more pharmaceutical product units, the cabinet comprising: a reader configured to detect each pharmaceutical product unit within the cabinet by wirelessly reading the RFID tag identifier from the associated RFID tag, and an interface configured to communicate over a network; and at least one server configured to: communicate over the network with the cabinet to receive RFID tag identifiers for RFID tags detected by the cabinet, based on the RFID tag identifiers, determine that a first of the one or more pharmaceutical product units has been placed within the cabinet, subsequently removed from the cabinet, and, following removal from the cabinet, not returned to the cabinet prior to an expiration of a predetermined period of time, and in response to the first pharmaceutical product unit not having been returned to the cabinet prior to the expiration of the predetermined period of time following removal of the first pharmaceutical product unit from the cabinet, list at least a product identifier for the first pharmaceutical product unit for use in billing the customer for the first pharmaceutical product unit.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least one server is further configured to: maintain an inventory of the one or more pharmaceutical product units based upon the RFID tag identifiers received from the cabinet, based upon the inventory, create an order to have one or more additional pharmaceutical product units shipped for placement in the cabinet, and determine when any of the one or more additional pharmaceutical product units are placed in the cabinet.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein, in response to the first pharmaceutical product unit having not been returned to the cabinet prior to the expiration of the predetermined period of time following removal of the first pharmaceutical product unit from the cabinet, the at least one server is configured to list the product identifier for the first pharmaceutical product unit on a consumed products list.
 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least one server is further configured to transmit invoice data for invoicing the customer for the first pharmaceutical product unit subsequent to the expiration of the predetermined period of time.
 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least one server is further configured to: determine that the first pharmaceutical product unit has been returned to the cabinet.
 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least one server is configured to periodically receive, from the cabinet, RFID tag information for the one or more pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet and status information associated with the cabinet.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the status information includes a temperature within the cabinet.
 16. The system of claim 9, wherein the first pharmaceutical product unit is associated with a first of the RFID tags having a first of the RFID tag identifiers on an inventory for the cabinet, and wherein the at least one server is configured to determine that the first pharmaceutical product unit has been removed from the cabinet based upon an absence of the first RFID tag identifier from first RFID tag information received at the at least one server from the cabinet.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the at least one server is configured to determine that the first pharmaceutical product unit has been returned to the cabinet based upon a presence of the first RFID tag identifier within second RFID tag information received at the at least one server from the cabinet subsequent to receipt of the first RFID tag information at the at least one server.
 18. The system of claim 9, wherein the interface is configured to communicate over the network using at least one of an Ethernet connection, a wireless local area network connection, and a mobile telecommunications connection.
 19. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least one server is configured to maintain expiration information in association with the RFID tag identifier for each of the one or more pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet, and to produce an order for removal of an expired one of the one or more pharmaceutical product units from the cabinet.
 20. The system of claim 9, wherein the at least one server is further configured to determine if one or more additional pharmaceutical product units shipped from a warehouse to the customer facility are not placed in the cabinet following the shipment from the warehouse.
 21. A system comprising: a cabinet within a customer facility configured to contain a plurality of pharmaceutical product units delivered on consignment to a customer, each of the pharmaceutical product units having a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag identifying the respective pharmaceutical product unit, the cabinet comprising a reader configured to detect each of the pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet by detecting the associated RFID tag; and at least one server configured to: communicate over a network with the cabinet to receive information regarding the RFID tags detected by the cabinet, maintain an inventory of the pharmaceutical product units associated with the cabinet based upon contents of the cabinet as determined from the RFID tag information received from the cabinet, determine that a first of the pharmaceutical product units on the inventory has been removed from the cabinet, maintain an association of the first pharmaceutical product unit with the cabinet for at least a predetermined period after the first pharmaceutical product unit was removed from the cabinet, and transfer identification data for the first pharmaceutical product unit to a list for billing the customer for the first pharmaceutical product unit subsequent to an expiration of the predetermined period after the first pharmaceutical product unit was removed from the cabinet.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the predetermined period is 24 hours.
 23. The system of claim 21, wherein, if the first pharmaceutical product unit on the inventory is returned to the cabinet prior to the expiration of the predetermined period after the first pharmaceutical product unit was removed from the cabinet, the identification data for the first pharmaceutical product unit is not transferred to the list for billing the customer.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the at least one server is configured to: receive, from the cabinet, first RFID tag information for the one or more pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet and first status information associated with the cabinet for a first time, second RFID tag information for the one or more pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet and second status information associated with the cabinet for a second time subsequent to the first time, and third RFID tag information for the one or more pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet and third status information associated with the cabinet for a third time subsequent to the second time, determine, from the first and second RFID tag information, that the first pharmaceutical product unit was removed from the cabinet, and determine, from the second and third RFID tag information, that the first pharmaceutical product unit was not returned to the cabinet.
 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the first, second and third status information include temperatures within the cabinet, and wherein the at least one server is configured to produce an order for removal of the first pharmaceutical product unit from the cabinet in response to the first pharmaceutical product unit becoming unusable.
 26. A system comprising: a cabinet within a customer facility configured to contain one or more pharmaceutical product units delivered on consignment to a customer, each of the one or more pharmaceutical product units distinguishable by a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag on a respective one of the one or more pharmaceutical product units, the cabinet configured to read the one or more RFID tags on the one or more pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet and communicate one or more identifiers read from the one or more RFID tags over a network; and at least one server configured to: receive from the cabinet the one or more identifiers read from the one or more RFID tags on the one or more pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet, monitor temperature information for the cabinet from status information received over the network from the cabinet, maintain a database of the one or more identifiers received from the cabinet for the one or more pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet, expiration information for each of the one or more pharmaceutical product units within the cabinet, and the temperature information for the cabinet, determine that a first of the one or more pharmaceutical product units was placed in the cabinet, determine that the first pharmaceutical product unit was removed from the cabinet, determine that the first pharmaceutical product unit was returned to the cabinet, determine whether a time between removal of the first pharmaceutical product unit from the cabinet and return of the first pharmaceutical product unit to the cabinet exceeds a predetermined duration of time, and generate an order for removal of the first pharmaceutical product unit from the cabinet for disposal in response to the first pharmaceutical product unit becoming unusable.
 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the at least one server is configured to determine that the first pharmaceutical product unit is unusable based upon a product recall or expiration of the first pharmaceutical product unit.
 28. The system of claim 26, wherein the at least one server is configured to produce an order for additional pharmaceutical product units.
 29. The system of claim 26, wherein the at least one server is configured, if a time between removal of the first pharmaceutical product unit from the cabinet and return of the first pharmaceutical product unit to the cabinet exceeds the predetermined duration of time, to generate data for billing the customer for the first pharmaceutical product unit.
 30. The system of claim 26, wherein the at least one server is further configured to determine if one or more additional pharmaceutical product units shipped from a warehouse to the customer facility are not placed in the cabinet following the shipment from the warehouse. 